6.10.2008

Britanica: Big Tuna


Tuna is a popular food. More than one million tons of tuna are consumed annually in the United States and Japan, the world's two largest tuna markets. Tuna is the most popular fish in the American diet and is second only to shrimp as the most popular seafood. The average American eats more than three pounds of tuna every year.

If you are a fish eater, there are good reasons to eat tuna. It is very healthy, with lots of protein and very little fat compared to other meats, and it is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids. (Vegeterian sources include some seed oils, purslane, algae, and nut oils.)

There are also good reasons not to eat tuna. Like many other ocean fish, it contains mercury, which is toxic to humans. For this reason the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends limiting the amount you eat, especially if you are a pregnant woman.

Fish eaters and vegetarians alike also recognize that decades of overfishing of tuna throughout the world has caused some tuna populations to collapse and has pushed others to the brink of collapse. Eating a threatened or endangered species of tuna only serves to hasten the day when it becomes extinct.

Finally, the methods used by large commercial fishing vessels to remove tuna from the oceans in species-threatening numbers also result in the killing of countless numbers of other kinds of marine animals—such as dolphins and birds—as bycatch.

The best way to help ensure the recovery of tuna populations and to minimize the harm to other marine life caused by commercial tuna fishing is to avoid eating tuna altogether and to encourage others to do the same. Short of that, educating yourself about the choices you make at supermarkets and seafood restaurants can help to give tuna a fighting chance at a future. Truly conscientious tuna consumers will know what kind of tuna they eat, where it has been, and how it was caught.

Know your tuna

Bluefin. The bluefin is the largest tuna, growing to a length and weight of about 14 feet (4.3 m) and 1,800 pounds (800 kg). It is also the most expensive, owing to its popularity as a sushi delicacy; in Japan, a single fish can fetch more than $60,000. The two main species of bluefin, the Southern and the Northern, are both severely overfished and exploited in all areas, especially the Atlantic. They are listed as critically endangered.

Albacore. Another large species, Albacore is a favorite source of canned tuna. Often marketed as white tuna, it has been called the "chicken of the sea" for the quality of its meat. Its popularity has led to a state of overfishing worldwide that is threatening populations in the Atlantic Ocean.

Skipjack. The relatively small skipjack, which grows to about 3 feet (90 cm) and 50 pounds (23 kg), is the most commonly consumed species of tuna. Although a few populations are stable, it is considered fully-fished to overfished in most areas.

Yellowfin. The second most commonly fished tuna, the yellowfin is a large, fast-swimming fish. The species is considered overfished worldwide. Because of the steadily decreasing size of the fishes being caught, there are fears that not enough yellowfin are reaching reproductive age, which could lead to the collapse of their populations.

Bigeye. Similar in size and appearance to the yellowfin, the bigeye is a popular source of sushi and sashimi. This species is considered to be fully exploited or overfished in every ocean of the world.

Know where your tuna has been

Tuna are found in all of the world's oceans, but their status in different oceans can vary widely. Most tuna species are in the poorest shape in the North Atlantic and the South Atlantic, including the Mediterranean Sea. Years of overfishing for American and European markets have led to severe reductions in the populations of bluefin, albacore, and yellowfin tuna. Although the Atlantic fishery is highly regulated, illegal fishing off coastal waters continues, especially near Africa, where developing countries cannot afford the patrols necessary to enforce the law.

Most tuna populations in the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean are in slightly better shape, especially in the case of albacore. But even in the world's largest oceans, tuna populations are in decline, and some are in danger of collapsing under the continued weight of large-scale commercial fishing.

Tuna consumers should avoid eating fish that were caught in the Atlantic or the Mediterranean.

Know how your tuna was caught

The vast majority of fished tuna is caught by large commercial fishing vessels using one of two methods: long-line fishing and purse seining. Both methods produce bycatch in large numbers. Other methods have significantly smaller environmental impact but are responsible for only a tiny fraction of the fish available to consumers in the United States and Europe.

Long-line fishing. This method involves releasing extremely long fishing lines—some of them extending for miles—with shorter lines and thousands of baited hooks attached. Although the method is very effective at catching tuna, it's also effective at catching many other species, among them seabirds that go after the bait in shallow waters. The birds, snared by the hooks, usually drown.

Another problem with long-line fishing is the lines themselves. Made of non-biodegradable monofilaments, the lines are often lost and can drift at sea indefinitely, snagging, entangling, and killing marine life years after they were last touched by human hands.

Purse seining. This method is particularly effective at catching yellowfin tuna. It involves laying out a very large net in a wide circle, which is then drawn inward, capturing the marine life inside. It also produces a significant bycatch—most notably dolphins, since they feed on the same fish as the tuna. Indeed, one reprehensible method, known as "dolphin fishing," actually targets dolphins themselves, since yellowfin tuna are almost always found in deeper waters beneath them. Although regulations are in place to prevent the deaths of dolphins in purse seines, thousands are killed annually in this practice.

Pole catching. Pole and line fishing, or bait-boat fishing, is the oldest fishing method. Used by local fishermen and sport fishers, it causes far less harm to the environment than commercial methods do. Fish caught in this way, however, are very likely to be sold in local markets and not processed and shipped worldwide.

Ironically, in many areas, ruthlessly efficient commercial fishing has drastically depleted fish populations, forcing local fishermen to abandon sustainable, environmentally-friendly methods that had been used to support families and communities for generations.

Fish farming. Tuna are not naturally suited to being raised in fish farms. As large, predatory open-water fish, they require lots of room and even more food to grow large enough for market. Because this practice is still developing, the majority of farmed tuna are actually caught in the wild to begin captive fish stocks. It remains to be seen whether or not fish farming will have any positive effect on world tuna populations.

—Chris Call

Images: Worker in Tsukiji fish market, Tokyo, Japan (© Peter Gordon/Shutterstock.com); bluefin tuna in waters near Japan (Sue Flood/Nature Picture Library).

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